Has the Single Market project in Europe been a success?

Abstract The establishment of the EU’s single market was intended to create jobs and enhance prosperity. Since it was established in 1992, significant benefits have been made to the EU’s internal market and a lot of opportunities have been created. Despite this, many problems continue to exist and further changes are necessary if the objectives of the EU are to be fully realised (European Commission, 2012: 1). Introduction The idea behind the European Union’s (EU) single market was to treat the EU as one territory so that the free movement of people, goods, money and services could be achieved (Europa, 2012: 1). The single market was established by the EU to enhance competition and trade through a system of standardised laws that apply to all Member States (Barnard, 2002: 1). This improves efficiency and gives individuals more choice when it comes to providing and attaining goods and services. The overall quality of the goods and services is increased, which is economically beneficial. The Single European Act was enacted in 1986 to establish a single market and has since been considered one of the EU’s greatest achievements (Europa, 2012: 1). This led to the abolishment of internal border controls between EU countries in 1993 and is now accessible to millions of people across 27 Member States. Restrictions to trade have been removed and individuals now receive better standards of living. EU law comprises of treaties and legislative provisions, such as Directives and Regulations that aim to secure the free movement of goods, services, people, and capital. Despite this, Member States are still responsible for social welfare and taxation, yet the EU influences the policies of Member States (Europa, 2012: 1). The single market has been successful in allowing people and businesses to move freely within the European Economic Area (EEA) and has therefore transformed the way individuals live, work and travel (Mayes and Hart, 1994: 177). The progress that has been made towards the development of the EU’s single market will be identified in this study in order to determine the extent to which it has been a success. Barriers to the free movement of goods, services, people and capital The single market was intended to remove any barriers that restrict the free movement of goods, services, people and capital. A number of different policies have therefore been implemented that seek to remove any free movement restrictions (Mayes and Hart, 1994: 5). This has significantly impacted many organisations and industries within the internal market. However, unless EU policies are conformed to by all Member States it is unlikely that greater freedom will be attained within the EU. This is often at the expense of widely accepted practices; however this is considered necessary in achieving harmonisation. It therefore seems to be important that any barriers to trade are removed and that actions likely to impact sustainable development are eradicated. Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (ex Article 81 EC) provides that; â€Å"all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may aff ect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the internal market† shall be strictly prohibited. Any limitations that are placed upon the freedom to trade should therefore be prohibited so as to allow for the freedom of movement to be attained. Whether this is easy to establish in practice, is a debatable subject because although substantial improvements have been made in the 20 year history of the EU, it is clear that many obstacles still need to be overcome in guaranteeing a free market (Alam, 2007: 153). Single Market and Competition The establishment of the single market within the EU provides greater opportunities to businesses by providing them with access to the world’s largest trading bloc (Gov, 2013: 1). This enhances economic activity whilst also creating healthy competition through the stimulation of business and innovation. This leads to growth and job creation as export and trade will be increased Gov, 2013: 1). Not only does this have a beneficial impact upon the economy but it also increases productivity. Consumers also benefit from a single market as competition often leads to reduced costs for products and services. This was identified by Euromove when it was pointed out that competition is one of the main driving forces of an advanced modern economy as it â€Å"gives the consumer choice, it puts downward pressure on prices, it rewards innovation and it helps to create jobs (2009: 1). Nevertheless, in order to prevent unfairness and ensure that the single market is a level playing field, the EU has introduced various rules and principles that seek to create fair competition. Such principles impose a number of burdens upon businesses within the EU, although this is considered necessary in the proper functioning of the internal market. It was evidenced by Shuibhne that the establishment of the internal market created a different focus of competition law in terms of addressing the barriers to integration created by state intervention in the market and the problems that occurred as a result of the liberalisation processes of the 1990’s† (Shuibhne, 2006: 88). Whilst the legislative framework is now developed, on-going improvements continue to be made so that rules and regulations are being properly enforced and so that businesses and consumers understand the rules that exist within the internal market. This has been happening since the internal market was first established, so as to maintain an effective operation of the single market. Some of the improvements have included; improving and enforcing single market rules, reducing the regulatory burden imposed upon businesses, and the liberalisation of certain areas including; public procurement, public services and utilities (DTI, 2002: 1). In spite of these improvements, there are still many underlying weaknesses that exist in the single market which seems to suggest that it may not be as successful as originally anticipated in the internal market strategy. Some of these weaknesses have arisen as a result of; failures by Member States to implement some of the Directives (Kennedy, 2011: 108 ), a lack of co-operation that exists between Member States, or because of inadequate enforcement (Kennedy, 2011: 108). In 1999 the internal market strategy was put forward by the European Commission which set out the aims and objectives of the establishment of the internal market. Various measures were incorporated into this strategy which sought to guarantee the proper functioning of the single market. This strategy has since been reviewed on an annual basis, though it cannot be said that the internal market is complete. Therefore, despite the fact that many obstacles have already been removed by the EU, new challenges are continually being dealt with. It has been said that companies within the EU should take full advantage of the single market model since the free movement of capital, goods, services and labour would be realised more easily. Tax issues arising from cross-border mergers and acquisitions would effectively be minimised through economic integration. This was identified by Ilzkovitz et al; â€Å"the Internal Market is a powerful instrument to promote economic integration and to increase competition within the EU and it has been the source of large macro-economic benefits† (2007: 271). Arguably, it seems as though the main objective of the Single Market is to allow competition to be obtained through the ability to trade freely within the EU. In accordance with this, it would therefore be beneficial if EU Companies took full advantage of this market so as to avoid many issues that arise from various issues including the taxation issues that result from Merger and Acquisitions (M&A) deals. Hence M&A deals are struc tured in a way that results in harsh tax liabilities and since an asset-based deal will â€Å"typically expose the seller to two levels of taxation, corporate and personal and a stock-based transaction can be unattractive to a buyer given the tax treatment of fixed asset values† (Q Finance, 2010: 1). If a company only conducts business within the single market, then they will not be exposed to such harsh tax liabilities. This encourages competition which is imperative for the advancement of the economy. However, because there are certain restrictions that exist within the single market, companies often find it difficult to expand their business in the internal market. Thus, as argued by the European Commission; â€Å"national tax systems in the EU differ so much that it can be complicated and expensive for companies to expand in the single market† (European Commission, 2011: 1). Because of these problems, a number of proposals were put forward by the Commission to eliminate these absurdities including the introduction of a single set of tax rules, also known as a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB). This would make it a lot easier and cheaper for companies to do business within the EU and as identified by Goodall; â€Å"every year the CCCTB will save businesses across the EU ˆ700 million in reduced compliance costs, and ˆ1.3 billion through consolidation† (2011: 53). The current problems that emerge from companies entering into M&A dealings would be removed and harsh tax liabilities would be avoided. Long term administrative improvements would also be made for those companies operating in multiple member states (Drysdale, 2007: 66), which is welcoming for those companies wishing to save on taxation. The freedom of movement will be likely to be obtained more easily by the implementation of a CCCTB. This will certainly encourage competition within the single market and more companies would most likely enter into M&A deals as a result. Conversely, not all agree that the CCCTB is effective, however, and as a result of this many Member States have refused to support its implementation. It is felt that a CCCTB would be a â€Å"de facto infringement of their tax sovereignty should such a Directive be written into law† (Ernst and Young, 2011: 40). This provides an example of how Member States will not implement every Directive that exists under EU and signifies how greater co-operation is needed. In spite of this, there are many drawbacks that exist within a CCCTB and it is questionable whether the tax advantages of a CCCTB outweigh the drawbacks that would arise if it was implemented. In addition, it was confirmed by the Secretary to the Treasury, Justice Greening, that the draft directive to introduce a CCCTB does not comply with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality (Cave, 2011: 87). Furthermore, it is also unlikely that the government will agree to a proposal that might threaten or limit the UKâ €™s ability to shape its own tax policy (Cave, 2011: 87). In view of these assertions, it cannot be said that a CCCTB should be incorporated since it appears to be out of step with the principle of subsidiarity. This principle aimed to ensure that the EU only acted in instances where the proposed action could not be achieved by individual countries. Effectively, although there are many benefits of a CCCTB, there are also a significant amount of drawbacks that transpire and it seems as though the government ought to ensure that a CCCTB, if implemented, does not undermine competition, whilst also ensuring that extensive opportunities for tax avoidance are not created. It is arguable whether this can be achieved and it seems as though extra demands will in fact be placed upon corporate tax departments. Taxation Articles 25-31 and 39-60 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) lay down the fundamental freedoms that are relevant to tax law and thus facilitate free movement of goods, services, persons and capital within the European Economic Area (EEA). Accordingly, as argued by Sypris, the changes made by the implementation of the TFEU; â€Å"influence the internal market case law of the Court of Justice, which represents a significant threat to national labour laws and practices† (2008; 219). The ECJ held in Gschwind v Finanzamt Aachen-Aubenstadt (Case C-391/97) [1999] ECR I-5451, [2001] STC 331, ECJ that direct taxation is a matter which â€Å"falls within the competence of Member States,† however, that competence must be exercised in accordance with EU law (Lee, 2010: 1473). This demonstrates how Member States no longer have complete control of their own laws and that the fundamental freedoms, enshrined under the TFEU, must also be taken into considerati on. As noted by Lee; â€Å"ever since the treaties first came into force, the fundamental freedoms have been interpreted broadly, so as to strike down domestic legal rules incompatible with an internal market† (2010: 1474). This is also exemplified under Article 26 which states that; â€Å"the Union shall adopt measures with the aim of establishing or ensuring the functioning of the internal market, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Treaties.† Since the laws of all Member States must guarantee compliance with Treaty provisions, tax law will be affected. The ECJ’s decision in Cadbury Schweppes v Commissioners of the Inland Revenue Case C-196/04 [2006] 3 WLR 890 shows how EU law affects UK tax law. Here, it was held that the broad interpretation of the Controlled Foreign Companies (CFC) provisions were incompatible with EU law because of the restrictions that were being placed upon freedom of establishment under Article 56 of the TFEU (ex Article 49 EC). It was noted by the ECJ that â€Å"hindrance to freedom can only be justified on the ground of counteraction of tax avoidance if the legislation in question is specifically designed to exclude from a tax advantage wholly artificial arrangements aimed at circumventing national law.† Subsequent to this decision, significant amendments were made to the CFC rules under Schedule 16 of the Finance Act 2009 in order to ensure that EU law was being fully complied with. The Acceptable Distribution Policy (ADP) exemption was abolished and changes to the Income and Corporation Tax es Act 1988 (ICTA) were made by introducing a new section 751AA. This illustrates the importance of the single market and exemplified how UK tax law will be affected by the provisions contained in the EU. The same rules will also apply in relation to the other Member States, though not all agree that this is appropriate. Instead, it is argued that abuses of national law can be effectuated as a result of EU law provisions and that the legislation in question must not be used as a blanket method of justifying abuses such as tax avoidance† (Wellens, 2009: 1). In view of this, it is manifest that national courts are required to undertake a case by case approach when considering individual situations. Various harmonisation measures have been implemented by the EU to facilitate the integration into the single market, including; the merger directive, the parent/subsidiary directive and the interest and royalties directive. The Merger Directive was designed to facilitate mergers across European borders so that it would be easier for companies to engage in dealings, whilst also reducing the tax burden. This was intended to establish common rules governing the cross-border merger of companies within the EEA† (Cain, 2007: 2). It cannot be said that tax harmonisation has been created by the Directive (Bell, 2004: 1), which is again due to the relcuatnce of Member States to implement the Directive. Unless co-operation exists, the Directive cannot be fully utilised and tax harmonisation cannot be achieved. The Parent/Subsidiary Directive was designed to â€Å"grant cross-border transactions the same favourable treatment as is provided for equivalent purely domestic transactions† (Tiley, 2008: 34) and was to be applied to parent and subsidiary companies of Member States. Akin to the Merger Directive, the harmonisation of taxes was intended yet this does not appear to have been achieved as harmonisation is still lacking. Nevertheless, because companies within Member States are still being taxed on income that has been derived from substantial interests, the Directive is not being fully implemented which may be â€Å"contrary to the free movement of capital and freedom of establishment, as well as the Parent-Subsidiary Directive, because such income is as a rule exempt from taxation if derived by local parent companies† (Morgan, 2010: 18). Therefore, the extent to which these Directives are being utilised is debatable. The Interest and Royalties Directive intended to eliminate withholding tax obstacles in the area of cross-border interest and royalty payments within a group of companies (HM Revenue and Customs, 2003: 1). Under this Directive companie s are subjected to a reduced tax liability if their members dealt with each other within the EU. Nevertheless, because no single tax has been created it is questionable whether these Directives are in fact sufficient. Conclusion The establishment of the EU’s single market has brought about significant benefits for EU Member States. A large number of jobs have been created and the opportunities for individuals within the internal market have significantly increased. Regardless of this, the extent to which the objectives of the single market have been attained remains uncertain in light of the obstacles that transpire. It is often difficult to determine whether a free market is truly being achieved since there is a great deal of confliction that now exists. This can be seen in relation to the provisions contained in Article 101, which restrain the free flow of goods. This is clearly contrary the free movement provisions and the courts have been faced with much difficulty over the years as a result of this. In addition, there are many inherent difficulties that arise for companies who wish to enter the internal market and although the implementation of a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) has been proposed, it has been said that this would create even more difficulties. Nevertheless, because taxation comes into conflict with the free movement provisions because of the fact that Member States no longer have complete control of their own laws, it seems as though a CCCTB would be beneficial. Because of these obstacles, it is thereby questionable whether the single market has been as successful as one would have hoped. References Alam, S. (2007) Sustainable Development and Free Trade: Institutional Approaches, Business & Economics, London: Routledge. Barnard, C. (2002) The Law of the Single Market: Unpacking the Premises., Oxford: Hart Publishing. Bell, S., (2011) ‘Amendments to Merger Directive: A New Dawn for Cross-Border Reorganisations?’ (2004) International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, [Online] Available: http://www.freshfields.com/publications/pdfs/practices/dfi030401.pdf [29 April, 2014]. Bently, L. and Sherman, B. (2008) Intellectual Property Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford: OUP. Cain, B., (2007) ‘Cross-Border Mergers Directive’ 31 Companies Secretary’s Review 9, Issue 2. Correa. C. M, Intellectual Property and Competition Law: Exploring Some Issues of Relevance to Developing Countries, ICTDS, Issue Paper No 21, ICTDS Programme on IRPs and Sustainable Development, (October, 2007), [Online] Available at: http://www.iprsonline.org/resources/docs/corea_Oct07.pdf [29 March 2014]. Cave, R., (2011) ‘EU Tax Developments’ 32 Tolley’s Practical Tax Newsletter 87, Issue 11. Drysdale, D., (2007) ‘HMRC, Business and the Tax Profession – An Uneasy Relationship’ 28 Tolley’s Practical Tax Newsletter 66, Issue 9. DTI., (2002) ‘Single Market’ [Online] Available: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dti.gov.uk/europe/pagej.html [29 April, 2014]. Ernst & Young., (2011) ‘EU: European Commission Publishes Final Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) Proposals’ News 16/03/2011 40LNB. Europa. (2012) ‘What is the Single Market’ [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/20years/singlemarket20/facts-figures/what-is-the-single-market_en.htm [30 March 2014]. European Commission. (2012) ‘The Single Market Act’ The EU Single Market, [01 April 2014]. Goodall, A., (2011) ‘EC Proposes ‘Common Tax Base’ 32 Tolley’s Practical Tax Newsletter 53, Issue 7. European Commission., (2000) ‘Communication on Services of General Interest in Europe’ 580 Final. Euromove., (2009) ‘EU Competition Policy’ [Online] Available: http://www.euromove.org.uk/index.php?id=6516 [29 April, 2014]. HM Revenue & Customs., (2003) ‘INTM400010 – EU Interest and Royalties Directive: Overview of the Directive’ [Online] Available: http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/intmanual/intm400010.htm [29 April, 2014]. Ilzkovitz, F., Dierx, V., Kovacs, V., and Sousa, N., (2007) ‘Steps Toward a Deeper Economic Integration: The Internal Market in the 21st Century; A Contribution to the Single Market Review’ European Economy, European Commission, Economic Papers, No 271, [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication784_en.pdf [29 April 2014]. Kennedy, T. P., (2011) European Law, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Lee, N., (2010) Revenue Law Principles and Practice, 28th Edition, London: Bloomsbury Professional. Marquis. M. (2007) ’02 (Germany) v Commission and the Exotic Mysteries of Article 81 (1) EC)’ European Law Review 29, 1-6. Mayes, D. G. and Hart, P. (1994) The Single Market Programme as a Stimulus to Change: Comparisons Between Britain and Germany, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Morgan, C., (2010) ‘Analysis – International Review’ 1015 Tax Journal 18. O’Loghlin. R. (2003) ‘EC Competition Rules and Free Movement Rules: An Examination of the Parallels and Their Furtherance by the ECJ Wouters Decision’ European Competition Law Review 62, 224-237. Shuibhne, N. N. (2006) Regulating the Internal Market, Edward Elgar Publishing: London. Steiner, J. and Woods, L. (2009) EU Law, 10th Edition, Oxford: OUP. Syrpis, P., (2008) ‘The Treaty of Lisbon: Much Ado†¦But About What?’ Industrial Law Journal, 37 (219), Issue 3, 219-235. The European Commission., (2011) ‘Simpler Tax Rules for Businesses’ (2011) Europa, [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/news/economy/110318_1_en.htm [29 April, 2014]. Tiley, J., (2008) Revenue Law, 6th edn Hart Publishing. Wellens, R., 2009. Cadbury Schweppes and beyond: the future of the UK CFC Rules. Tax Working Papers, [online] Available at [29 March 2014]. Wesseling, R. (1999) ‘The Commission White Paper on Modernisation of EC Antitrust Law’ (20 European Competition Law Review 427, 422-427. Q Finance., (2010) ‘Structuring M&A Deals and Tax Planning’ [Online] Available: http://www.qfinance.com/mergers-and-acquisitions-checklists/structuring-m-and-a-deals-and-tax-planning [29 April, 2014].

Bad School System Essay

What are schools doing for us? If nothing then what can we do to improve them? I think they aren’t doing anything. I have never really thought about this idea until I started research. I think that I am fairly smart, but it is more of after school rather than school itself. I was watching a TED TALK from Ken Robinson and he was talking about how schools kill creativity. He talks about how schools are good at making people who do their jobs successfully. He also says that those same people are doing that job because they don’t have any other choice. By showing this he is trying to show that school kills creativity. Salman Khan the founder of Khan Academy talks about how students don’t get to work on their own pace. Dave Eggers the founder of 826 Valencia talks about how students need 1-1 attention to learn their talents. Ken Robinson has many different videos on school all talking about how school has problems that need to be solved. The one that I watched was â€Å"Ken Robinson says schools kill creativity†. He talks about how school trains you in a way that creates a fear of making mistakes. He says, â€Å"If you’re not prepared to be wrong, then you will never be original†. We are being educated out of creativity. Teachers are not ready to have things be wrong. When grading test or any kind of work there is no such thing as maybe, it is just right or wrong. There are always those kids who are over the top smart and there are those kids that are very creative but not as smart. In this scenario you know that the kid who has the brains is going to get the popularity. Nobody is going to go to the creative kid for help even though he/she might have something worth saying. Then those creative kids will also have to adapt to the school system and eventually lose their creativity. Salman Khan has one very important video on TED and it talks about how students do really get to learn on their own pace in school. The TED TALK is called â€Å"Let’s use video to reinvent education†. In this video he talks about his website www.Khanacademy.com. In this website he has different topics for which he has videos for. He also has sort of an online learning system on the same website. In that learning system they want you to master different concepts that you are having trouble with. So they show you videos on how to do the problem then set you on your own. If you still don’t have perfection then they allow you to repeat. They want you to master the concept by letting you do the whole process as many times as you like. By this you are allowed to learn at your own pace. In school you learn a chapter take a test then move on. Even if you didn’t understand you move on, also the students who get like 90 to 99.9% they still might have some problems that they didn’t understand. I also experienced Khan Academy, I have an account and I am always using it when I need help on something. Dave Eggers has one video on TED and it talks about why students are happier to go to tutoring rather than school itself. In his TED TALK â€Å"Once Upon a School† he shows the audience of a place that he created called 826 Valencia. This is a shop that he founded in which he connected a newspaper editor center, a pirate shop, and a after school tutoring center. He says that students come there running after school to do homework. That’s not really something that you think of. The students get help on any HW especially their English homework. He has his Newspaper crew and volunteers help students 1-1 on HW. He has students write books and then publishes the books. He says that students need 1-1 time with whomever they are working with. In school students don’t really get 1-1 time during school to talk about things that they are having trouble with and stuff like that. In a year he has over 1,400 volunteers helping run 826 Valencia. He thinks that if students are able to have 1-1 time with teachers on their work then they would be more creative. They students would never know if they were doing well or if they needed to improve in certain areas. If you haven’t watched this TED TALK them I recommend every one the watch it. All three of these guys show great ways to improve the School system. These guys are already doing it outside of school, which shows that our School System isn’t really great. There are many problems with our School System we just never think about them as students. You would never think that School would kill your creativity, but when you think about it†¦

Beane Curriculum Review

The editor of this text presents a range of authors concern about the state of curriculum in K-12 schools of North America in the 21st century. Beane describes the collection of reviews as critiquing curriculum as â€Å"disconnected, fragmented, and incoherent†. Eighteen professional writers contributed their perspectives of working with current curriculum that seeks to â€Å"Leave no child behind†.Authors work in a range of education areas; professors, teachers, lecturers and administration staff. Each author shares their way of engaging with curriculum in a meaningful way so as to relate to the day to day existence of students.The book was written to fill the gap observed by the authors, which is that there is a lack of curriculum that truly prepares students for lifestyles, careers and personal development suited to live in this the globalized millennium. Throughout the ideal â€Å"educated† person is explored, incorporating a diversity of themes that highligh t the integration of curriculum, within and between subjects and across cultures. Importantly, it comes across, is the critical need to research more authentic assessment forms, to establish broader goals and standards and to be more fully inclusive of students. 2.Write down striking words, images, phrases or details. The Search for Coherence is the title of Chapter One is a striking phrase in that it implies that the concept of coherence, as it applies to curriculum, is dearth. This is surprising given the governments push for a â€Å"No Child Left Behind Policy† which has seen a radical shake-up of curriculum. The image this casts for me are teachers and lecturers using a torch to look high and low for an elusive â€Å"something†; all the while becoming more and more frustrated. Coherence for me describes a state of understanding that allows practical application of knowledge and comprehension.I love the term â€Å"inclusiveness† because it reflects basic huma n rights to freedom of thought, values and speech. It facilitates the cultivation of discussion to find answers and to listen to each party who is involved. A multi-perspective can only enrich decision-making processes, and better enable critical analysis and monitoring of existing processes and protocols in the delivery of education services to ensure best practices. Critical Analysis 1. Ask yourself questions about the text: What perplexes you about a particular passage?I am having trouble understanding how a coherent curriculum will ensure a general standard of delivery while tailoring itself to the ever changing individual needs of students, teachers, education institutions and the workforce. The relevance or usefulness of a curriculum must be dynamic in order to provide what is needed as defined by all stakeholders. However, how to be confident that there is an equal access to opportunities and resources that comprise a basic education that will allow students to become functio nal community members, that contribute as well as take care of their personal well being.Also, the phrase â€Å"repositioning [of] learning experiences into meaningful contexts† (p. 8) comes across as vague and not really saying anything. How the context that is being suggested is quantitatively or qualitatively different form what currently exists is left unclear. 2. Try agreeing with the writer. I agree with the need to develop a more meaningful and purposeful curriculum for our children, young people, and professionals-in-training. A multidisciplinary approach to discussing and problem-solving the issue is a clear approach to aid in the differentiation of concepts and actual facts with regard to current curriculum practices.I concede as well that education needs to go beyond â€Å"mug and jug† and contribute to the motivation, engagement and facilitation of continuous learning and self-discovery of both the student and teacher. The weaving of theory and tried educat ion delivery practices are the best way to provision students and teachers with unambiguous explanations that cultivates applied knowledge. The collection of articles encourages the reader to reflect on their own practices and to determine where flexibility, creativity and change could be of benefit.However, the authors leave out one set of very important stakeholders – the caregivers of the students. More and more literature is encouraging the inclusiveness of caregivers in the education of their child. The authors tended to ignore directly engaging caregivers in the determination of what is missing in curriculum and most importantly, how to best develop a more coherent form. This is contended to be a loss for any curriculum development as caregivers have intimate knowledge of the needs, desires, fears and capabilities of their children.Also, many parents are in the workforce or contribute to the community in some other capacity and so also have first hand knowledge of the s kills and attitude that is needed for citizens of the future. I anticipate that I will seek continuous development in policy analysis and research work, to be able to monitor and evaluate my practices and the organizational culture and values I am working with. As well I will start a reflective journal to record my own practices and views toward student responses, and my satisfaction with meeting the goals to aid in â€Å"educated person

Services Directive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Services Directive - Essay Example Services Directive The first of these is that the implementation of the application of the country of origin principle, which requires that only the law of the country in which the service provider is located should be applicable. Further, it enjoins upon the Member States not to restrict in a discriminatory way services from a provider established in another Member State. Second, empowering citizens to use the services provided by any other Member State without being delayed or discouraged by restrictive measures imposed by their country. Third, creation of a mechanism to provide assistance to citizens who use a service provided by an operator established in another Member State and fourth, the allocation of tasks between the Member State of destination and origin, in respect of the posting of workers. This directive is not applicable to non – economic and non – remunerated activities. Hence, it is not applicable to the non – remunerated activities of the governments of Member states in respect of its cultural, educational, legal and social commitments towards its citizens . The origins of this directive lie in the questions thrown up by the incident described in the next few lines; a liqueur, Crà ¨me de Cassis, was not allowed to be imported and sold in Germany by the importers Rowe-Zentral AG. The reason for this was cited as low alcoholic content for that particular type of alcoholic drink. The importer approached the European Court of Justice, which challenged the validity of national legislation that was attempting to introduce non – tariff barriers to trade. ... The importer approached the European Court of Justice, which challenged the validity of national legislation that was attempting to introduce non - tariff barriers to trade.2 One of the main bastions of the free movement of goods within the EU is the principle of mutual recognition. Its genesis lies in the above cited EU Court of Justice famous Cassis de Dijon judgment of February 20, 1979. This principle requires that, every Member State to accept products on its territory which are legally produced and marketed in another community Member State. The right of Member States is restricted to challenging this principle in cases involving risk to public safety, health or the environment. In such cases the measure taken must be in conformity with the principles of necessity and proportionality. On the 4th of November 2003, the European Commission published a communication aimed at illuminating the principle of mutual recognition.3 A businessman is often forced to abstain from selling a product, which does not satisfy the technical rules of that Member State, owing to ignorance as to how to proceed in such a discriminatory situation. A technical rule gives the specifications which define the features necessary in a product like its composition, presentation, packaging, labelling etc. The aim of this communication is to spell out the rights and methods of appeal which economic operators may derive from the principle of mutual recognition, when they encounter such difficulties. On the whole, wherever provisions of a national law are incompatible with the principle of mutual recognition, the national courts and administrations have to guarantee the full impact of the principle by removing, of their own

The truth in lending act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The truth in lending act - Research Paper Example Over the passage of time, lenders including the banks looked for and retrieved different kinds of exceptions that put them in a position where they could charge the consumers the fees that were not part of the APR or were not disclosed through the APR to the consumers. The egregiousness of this practice can be estimated from the fact that a lender in the case between NCAS of Delaware and the Pennsylvania Department of Banking could legally claim a certain percentage of the APR while the actual percentage of the cost of loan was considerably higher. An in-depth analysis of the TILA suggests that it has failed as an act to provide the Americans with protection against the deceptive lending practices. Case Study: Pennsylvania Department of Banking v. NCAS of Delaware This case started in Pennsylvania’s Commonwealth Court. The opinion of the trial court was taken on 31 July 2007. The opinion of the trial court did not follow a bench trial and included a decision over the pretrial motions of the defendant and the plaintiff. The plaintiff had moved for an injunction and summary judgment thus requiring the defendant to desist while the defendant decided to go for the summary judgment. On 20 March 2008, Pennsylvania’s Supreme Court gave its decision over the case between Pennsylvania Department of Banking and the NCAS of Delaware. This case includes a payday loans lender. Payday loans can be defined as short term loans that are given usually in small amounts but the interest rates charged on them are substantially high. In this case, the APR advertised by the lender was 5.98 per cent that was indeed, the loan’s APR’s accurate calculation by law (McGingley, 2013). Although this was a low rate and was reasonable, the company added an additional monthly participation fee to the rate worth $149.50 on monthly basis. Although this fee of participation does not have to be included in the APR’s calculation, yet the usury law of Pennsylvaniaâ €™s Section 3A prohibits such forms from charging fees that sum up to over 6 per cent. Nevertheless, the true borrowing cost in this case was nearly 368 per cent. Analysis and discussion The finance charge’s centrality imparts the need for accurate reflection of the loan’s true total cost by this amount. It is important that all lenders uniformly calculate this amount so that the fundamental objective of the TILA of offering a simple method of drawing a comparison between the loan costs to the consumers can be achieved. Unfortunately, however, the integrity of the APR and the finance charge has been challenged in the USA. Paradoxically, certain provisions within the TILA have played a role in challenging the integrity of the finance charge and the APR, though the actions of the Federal Reserve Board also contributed to the weakening of the system. The TILA provides for the exceptions by a limited number; excluded charges which may not necessarily be disclosed or ma de part of the stated charge of finance. This is inclusive of the fees for the preparation of documents, carrying out the surveys of property, appraisals, escrow and notary fees, insurance, and credit reports. The TILA authorized the Federal Reserve Board to develop more exceptions as it deems necessary in order to effectuate the TILA’s purposes. The Regulation Z issued by the Federal Reser

Question 31 & 32 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question 31 & 32 - Essay Example This means that criminal activities take places because criminals have low control over themselves. Individuals have low control over themselves because they have been brought up in a poor manner and their attachment with their parents is even quite weak which elevates the chances of them getting into a criminal act. Hirshi and Gottfredson even state that individuals who have low control over themselves even indulge in actions that may not be considered criminal but are quite harmful, these actions include: alcohol and drug abuse, road accidents and pregnancies that are not wanted. The base of the general theory of crime is the elements of love, affection, involvement and belief. Individuals having low self control are those who are not committed to the norms and cultural values of their societies and they end up committing criminal act as they give preference to satisfaction over the norms and cultural values of their society. 2. The theory of Left Realism came into existence during 1970s and was created in response to the importance given to deviant behaviors conducted by those who are considered as elite of the society (Adler, 2010, p.205). Left Realism states that the people within the lower class experience day to day criminal activities conducted against them and they mainly experience street related crimes (Vito, 2006, p.232). According to Left realists, street crimes are caused because individuals are committers of these crimes are deprived from social and political participation. Another emerging perspective of criminology is peacemaking criminology; this ideology of criminology promotes fairness, nonviolent living and impartiality between the components of the society (Adler, 2010, p.206). According to peacemaking criminology, the current state of fighting crime and actions used to counter criminal activities can only lead to more

Social Research problem statement Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Research problem statement - Coursework Example pt of security today, is not restricted to political or social factors alone but engulfs a wide range of aspects including environmental, social economic and climate change (Homer, 1991). The issue of Global warming and its potential hazardous aftermath has been addressed by various security experts and academic scholars as being of crucial significance and raised alarm over the capacity of such environmental issues to foreshadow critical issues such as food and water scarcity, and fair and equal allocation of resources, which would in turn lead to large scale migration resulting in heightened tensions and widespread, disputes (Matthew, 1989). Environmental change has been, since long, considered as a major security threat by security analysts the world over and as a consequence several polices have been implemented to address and tackle the issue and recognize the repercussions of sudden and unexpected changes in the climate as an impending menace for international security. For instance, according a report presented in 1994 by Sir David King, chief scientist – British Government, climate change is a far greater threat to the world’s stability than international terrorism (BBC news, 2004). Similarly climate change was acknowledged as a major concern and hence included in the British Foreign Policy, as a major security threat, by the then Foreign Secretary of Britain, Mrs. Margaret Beckett, in the year 2006 at a conference in Berlin (British Embassy – Berlin, 2007). A report presented to the U.S. government suggested declaring ‘climate change’ as a major security issue owing to its potential to cause serious damage to the security of American citizens as well as its impact on the United States military operations. The study titled National Security and the Threat of Climate Change seeks methods in which the impending environment change is a threat multiplier in already feeble regions and aggravating conditions that result in failed states which in

Design of a product or service prototype (BUS CATCHER) Essay

Design of a product or service prototype (BUS CATCHER) - Essay Example The paper tells that the use of public transport for commuting in the US is still very low compared to other countries. The estimated share of public transport market share (motorized travel) is less than 4% barring exceptions like New York (9.6%) and San Francisco (5.0%), being as low as less than 1% in more than half the states. Small as this may be, the total amount of fuel saved from public transportation use currently is estimated to be equal to 1.4 billion gallons of gasoline (based on 2004 figures), In terms of total barrels of crude oil, this would be the equivalent of 33.5 million barrels of crude oil. Increase of commuting is a desirable goal and has policy support. Apart from this reasons like congestion on the roads, savings in commuting time would be seen as the chief reasons for a commuter to prefer public transport over using own cars. Typically a product or a service that gives enhanced value for a customer would what make a customer to switch to a service or a produc t. There is a big opportunity here for bus operators to create this critical additional value through use of ICT to induce commuters to switch over in a big way to using public transport like buses. Bailey estimates that for an US population of 7.2 million non-drivers, 50% 0f which is people above the age of 654, public transportation is the only alternative, when they are going somewhere outside their immediate neighborhood. She also observes most U.S. residents still do not have the option of using public transportation to get places.

Managing employee performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing employee performance - Essay Example The paper critically analyses three strategies including policy framework, monitoring and coordinating attendance, and reward system in order to curtail absenteeism. Contrary to common belief, compromising working conditions, low job satisfaction, and ill-treatment are identified to be the main reasons of absenteeism. If left unaddressed, absenteeism leads to loss of money, productivity, stress amongst co-workers and organization as a whole. The paper analyses the way a detailed, updated, and consistent policy framework prevent absenteeism before it develops. However, written policy is the first step which must be preceded with proper communication and consistent policy implementation. Policy framework is further enhanced by monitoring and coordinating attendance. Attendance tracking is identified to be more effective when linked with payroll and HRIS. Keeping and maintaining records is sufficient to keep the employees alert and absenteeism under controlled. Third strategy of reward and incentive is proactive in nature. Offering attractive reward for regular employees and incentive for potential employees who can be regular attendee seems a practical solution. However, some experts are apprehensive of its negative consequences, such as, unproductive attendance. The research and analysis of these strategies and reasons of absenteeism leads to a balanced approach. The paper suggests adopting the combination of different strategies designed in accordance to the specific needs of an organization’s absenteeism problem. 2. Causes of Absenteeism Generally perceived reasons for absenteeism include: sickness, workloads, low compensation, and family issues. However, research shows a different side of the picture. While studying employee opinion about absenteeism issue, several anonymous studies identified that neither low pay, high workloads, less compensation, and poor benefits, nor actual sickness are the causes of absenteeism. In fact, absenteeism is identified to be a symptom of bad working conditions, low job satisfaction, and ill-treatment of supervisors. An effective method to determine the reasons of employees’ absence is to inquire the supervisor for the reasons of absenteeism and the ways to curtail it. Suggestions for possible solutions will be provided by only those supervisors who have actually put some efforts in dealing with the issue (cited in Levine, 1999). It is critical to understand that reasons for absenteeism vary in different organizations. In order to implement any strategy to curtail absenteeism, employers’ must identify the underlying reasons which are leading to absenteeism in their organization. 3. Consequences of Absenteeism Absenteeism at workplace is a troublesome and costly issue, the most perturbing is the fact that approximately 50 percent of absenteeism stems from unacceptable reasons (Gwaltney, 1994, p.24).Major consequences of absenteeism are lost productivity, unreasonable overtime pay, and paid sick leave (Tyler, 1997, p.57).In addition, absenteeism at workplace leads to: lower productivity, compromising work quality, loss of team work, and increased payroll cost in the form of overtime (Miller et al. cited in   Lockhart,2001,p.8). Absenteeism frequently cause last-minute struggle for supervisor to look for replacements (Markowich et

Anthropological analysis and conceptual synthesis Article

Anthropological analysis and conceptual synthesis - Article Example The society is herein described as one filled with male chauvinism, not ready to tolerate the women’s faith related stands. The saints were very firm on their maintenance of chastity and could even pray to God to make them ugly so that they could protect their chastity. For instance, St. Wilgefortis prayed for ugliness, and she was granted a man’s beard (Winston, Para 4). The male chauvinism however saw her murdered by her father. Others were like St. Lucia whose eyes were torn out for disappointing her family. These examples show that the women believed in their course and bravely stepped out of the societal norms (Winston, Para 6). From the article, it can be seen certain themes can be drawn. One of the themes is religion in which the saints are firmly rooted. The religion brings about the other theme of power whereby the males are seen to possess in plenty. They, however, misuse their power by killing the faithful females. The theme of male dominance is further shown by the linearity of mobility and recreation in which are based on social hierarchies. This is described in the Ghanam who describes the lives of brother and a sister from a low-income neighborhood in Egypt. The brother is drawn as the one dictating the mobility, suggesting male dominance (Ghannam 790-800). Summarizing Ghanam’s article, various methods supporting the solving of reconfiguration of inequalities can be explained. Farha Ghannam explains this by using the example of a brother and a sister who come from a low-income neighborhood in Egypt. Throughout the article, Ghanam describes the methods of liminality of mobility which illustrate social hierarchies. The methods include inequalities referring to mobility, class, gender and embodiment. Eyebrows." Were Some Catholic Saints Transgender? Berkeley Show Raises Eyebrows. 6 Nov. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.

How Hersey Portrays the Event in Hiroshima Essay

How Hersey Portrays the Event in Hiroshima - Essay Example All of these individuals had no sense that their life would change few minutes after eight fifteen in the morning of 6 August 1945. As Hersey’s says in his book, Hiroshima, a noiseless flash was the only sign that each survivor would remember as they encounter a tragedy they would not forget in their life. Miss Sasaki was clerk at East Asia Tin when Dr. Masakazu was with his patient in a private hospital, Mrs. Nakamura stood in her kitchen looking outside through the window, and Father Kleinsorge was leading a magazine in his room. Reverend Tanimoto was another victim of the Hiroshima bombing; he as the other survivors was with a colleague pushing a handcart to the man’s house (Hersey 4-6). That day was like any other as Hersey’s records it was a still morning, and the town was pleasant and cool as always. Moreover, within a splash of second, a â€Å"tremendous flash† cut across from east heading west, and from that moment, the life of the people changed i n the city of Hiroshima (Hersey 4-6). Hersey note that the situation that people were just living their life, though terrified by threat of attack, it is worth to note that human being are, in equal measure the same and need to be treated with dignity. Hersey’s story displays the danger that surrounds human being in his action to make a living. In his analysis of the event after the Hiroshima bombing, Hersey displays the location of his six characters that he interviewed. In addition, the mere chance that they survived while many other died is by chance and their unconscious actions. There was spared from death and serious injuries. Hersey portrays a mysterious situation where so many people dies living other with only minor injuries. Hersey also portrays how fast thing can change in the matter of seconds. Before the attack with the atomic bomb, Hiroshima was used to warning of the possible attack. However, in the morning of 6 August 1945, no warning came to caution the peopl e of the attack, and the whole of Hiroshima changed from common to struggle and survival. The life of Hersey’s characters and the city would be different from what they were used to. As noted in the narration of the experiences, Hersey’s works portrays the abuse of human ethics, and the action of the American government. The attack of Hiroshima with something that caused unwarranted suffering is chocking and unbelievable. Such an act ought to be demonstrated to make people aware of what could happen in a situation of war with the kind of weapon such as an atomic bomb. What insight does the book give you into the Japanese perspective, and what do you think of that? In the experiences of the survivors, Hersey work tries to unfold the live after the atomic bomb. First, Mrs. Nakamura, one of the six characters interviewed by Hersey meets her sister in Hiroshima, and she is disappointed to hear from her that Japan has conceded defeat and that the war was done. She wishes Ja pan could win the war even after the attack in the city. Hersey paint a picture of dedicated people who no matter the devastation they had the courage to move on with their life. At time Mrs. Nakamura was meeting her sister, she had gone to the city to bring with her rice she had buried before the attack (50). In other instances, Hersey says that in September of 1945, radiation related ailment, had affected everyone. Father kleinsorge fell sick while going to deposit money in the city while Mrs. Nakamura daughter had fallen sick. Mr. Takimoto by this time had been bedridden (51-55). None of the challenge that the Japanese met deterred them from moving on with their live. Hersey also records that even in the city; Feverfew and Panic grass spring up in the city

Theme of Tennessee Williams plays Essay Example for Free

Theme of Tennessee Williams plays Essay A Streetcar Named Desire conforms to the expectation that a major theme of Williams plays is that of human sexuality. Various aspects of human sexuality are explored through the diversity and complexity of the characters. Whilst Stanley Kowalski epitomises masculinity through his primal strength and power, and the increasingly fragile Blanche DuBois attempts to cling to the feminine role of the Southern Belle, these are only aspects of their characters. The fact that their relationship is one of conflict, is representative of their worldviews. However, to reduce A Streetcar Named Desire to the level of mere battle of the sexes would be too simplistic and does the play an injustice by choosing to ignore its complexities. Superficially, at least, Blanche DuBois conforms to prevailing concepts of gender wherein she adopts characteristics that are seen to epitomise femininity. Such traits are conceived as constituting feminine behaviour, and include characteristics such as passivity, acquiescence and emotionality. Whilst these traits are certainly evident in Blanche DuBois, she is, of course, a far more complex character than such simplification would first suggest and, therefore, cannot be so easily labeled. It would be perhaps more accurate to consider Blanche in light of Judith Butlers suggestion that gender is something that we do (Selden, 116). This concept more accurately encapsulates the sense that Blanche chooses to adopt a role of femininity, effectively playing a part by conforming to a stereotypical role, in this case, that of the Southern Belle. The adoption of this role provides Blanche with a relatively stable sense of identity, or at least an aspect of identity, necessary for her own self-preservation. As with Amanda Wingfield, in The Glass Menagerie, Blanche DuBois seems to struggle in a changing world and by adopting an aspect of identity that is associated with the past, she is able to find at least temporary comfort. From our earliest encounter with Blanche, we are made quickly aware of her preoccupation with appearance. Initially this focuses on the appearance of Stellas home, this horrible place (120), which compares so negatively when contrasted with the ancestral home of Belle Reve. However, Blanches real preoccupation soon becomes evident as she chides Stella for failing to  say a word about her appearance (122): You see I still have that awful vanity about my looks even now that my looks are slipping! (123). The fact that she laughs nervously whilst looking to Stella for reassurance indicates Blanches insecurity. All that has been familiar in Blanches world has changed, and now that age is changing her personal appearance, her insecurities are heightened. However, the dialogue between the sisters evokes a sense of ritual wherein Blanche seeks approval and Stella responds dutifully (123) suggesting that Blanches insecurities are deep rooted and precede the advent of age. As Stella instructs Stanley: admire her dress and tell her shes looking wonderful. Thats important with Blanche. Her little weakness! (132). This is a constant motif throughout the play and Blanches little weakness reflects the fact that her sense of self-identity needs constant bolstering, especially now that her youth has passed by. It also reinforces the notion of Blanche as adopting a role and the necessity, as with any act, for an audience, preferably a sympathetic one. For Blanche an audience is necessary to enable her to perpetuate her constructed self-image. Compliments and constant reassurance are required to maintain the role she has adopted; it is therefore necessary for her audience to constantly appreciate her performance. When considering Blanches behaviour with others, we find that she is most desperate to impress her male audience, and it is at such times that she feels the need to rely heavily on her female sexuality. Indeed, the persona that she has adopted is aimed at attracting male attention rather than female sympathy. This becomes apparent through a conversation with Stella wherein Blanche describes her discussion with Stanley regarding the fate of Belle Reve: I feel a bit shaky, but I think I handled it nicely. I laughed and treated it  all as a joke, called him a little boy and laughed and flirted! Yes I was flirting with your husband Stella! (141). Blanche seems unable, or at least unwilling, to disregard this persona when dealing with men. Such behaviour has become habitual, a fact that becomes increasingly obvious in her relationship with Mitch. After a date together, and despite the fact that Blanche did not enjoy the evening, she still behaves in a manner in which she believes she is obliged to do. As she explains: I was just obeying the law of nature The one that says the lady must entertain the gentleman or no dice! (175). Blanche certainly understands how to use her sexuality, but she is not driven by her sexuality in the sense of passion and desire. Blanche wants her relationship with Mitch to work, not because she wants him per se, but because of what such an outcome would represent. The prospect of such a relationship is viewed as an escape from her present circumstances where she considers herself to be a burden. A successful relationship will give Blanche the opportunity to rest and to breathe quietly again!(171). Such choice of language clearly indicates the strain involved in continuing her charade, and goes some way to explain her reliance on alcohol for a temporary sense of escape. Of course, in order to adopt the role of Southern Belle convincingly, illusion becomes a necessary factor. Blanche is content in the illusory world that she creates where she can attempt to regain her passing youth, becoming someone that she feels she should be. Illusion is also necessary in that it offers an escape from her sexually promiscuous past, whilst masking the truth of the past from her family and Mitch. However, Blanche seems to accept her past behaviour as inevitable considering the expectations of men: People dont see you men dont dont even admit your existence unless they are making love to you. And youve got to have your existence admitted by someone, if youre going to have someones protection (169). The fact that Blanche equates people with men highlights the fact that she feels very much a part of a patriarchal society, where men obviously hold the power and make the judgments. Ironically, but not unexpectedly, such a society is hypocritical in its view of Blanche as it privately condones, indeed enables, Blanches sexually promiscuous behaviour whilst publicly condemning it. Blanches decisions appear to have been primarily driven by her desire for protection, whilst her upbringing and her position as a woman in a patriarchal society, nurtures a reliance on men. In this case, the expectation is that a man will rescue her. Of course, she experiences only varying degrees of failure in attempting to escape from the situations she finds herself in. Yet, despite this, it is still male approval that Blanche seeks. Blanche retains the hope that by becoming part of the illusion, by emulating old-fashioned values, that she will attract Mitch and therefore the protected life of gentility and kindness that she so longs for. I have suggested that an illusory world is a space for Blanche to relive her passing youth, and we find that in order to do so she uses darkness to reinvent herself as young and innocent. Blanche lies to Mitch about her age, telling him that Stella is somewhat older (150) than herself, when Blanche is in fact at least five years older than Stella. Blanche adorns the naked lightbulbs in the apartment with Chinese lanterns (150) to deflect the harsh light of truth, as it were, from the possibility of being discovered as older than she has suggested. We learn from Mitch that Blanche refuses to meet him until after six and then its always some place thats not lighted much(203). Blanche finds the dark comforting (203), as she prefers to reject realism in search of magic (204). The persona she feels is necessary to attract Mitch is also necessary for her own sake as she allows herself to feel young and unscarred again. Her habit of taking baths is symbolic in this regard. The long baths are attempts to wash away the past, whilst they also represent an attempt at some kind of spiritual cleansing wherein Blanche always announces after a bath that she feels like a brand-new human being!(135). Yet, the fact that she keeps returning to the  bath leads to the conclusion that this illusion does not last very long. Whereas Blanche adopts a sexual persona, Stanley, and to some extent Stella, are driven by their sexuality. Their relationship is frequently portrayed as primal and animalistic, their baby is proof of Stanleys virility and Stellas fertility; an affirmation of an intensely passionate relationship. This is at odds with the genteel expectations of the Old South, the world that Blanche represents. Of course, Blanche has also strayed from the values expected, however, her sexual relationships are a means to an end, she is not sexually driven and does not experience the sense of passion and desire apparent in Stella who finds it unbearable to be apart from Stanley: I can hardly stand it when he is away for a night When hes away for a week I nearly go wild! (125). Stella has chosen a life built on a powerful sexual relationship which makes everything else seem unimportant(162). With this belief she deems unimportant the fact that Stanley beats her, she forgives him and to restate the physical bond between the two, they seem to have no need for words, instead they come together with low animal moans(154). Their relationship seems to epitomise life through the regenerative powers of desire and procreation, in contrast to Blanches sexual relationships with men as disempowering and ultimately destructive. Stanley plays the role of the Alpha male, evident in his need to dominate. This is apparent from the first poker game where Stanley seeks to dominate the group of both men and women. When he is disobeyed, he reacts violently, the violence escalating as events progress. During the poker game, Blanche defies Stanley by turning on the radio; his reaction evokes images of animalistic behaviour as he is described as stalking: fiercely through the portieres into the bedroom. He crosses to the small white radio and snatches it off the table. With a shouted oath, he tosses the instrument out of the window (151). When Stella admonishes him for his behaviour he physically attacks her, a forewarning of the treatment that Blanche will ultimately receive from Stanley. There is certainly a sense of inevitability in the final violence that Blanche experiences at the hands of Stanley, as he tells her, weve had this date with each other from the beginning!(215). Blanche has been a consistent threat to Stanleys authority, especially in regard to Stella. Stanley is the self-appointed King, (195) evidence of his sense of male dominance, a secure position that has been undermined by Blanche who is seen as adversely influencing Stellas opinion about her husband. Stella appears to have become influenced by Blanches perception of Stanley as uncouth and animalistic, and this becomes apparent in the language she uses to admonish Stanley. He responds: Dont ever talk that way to me! Pig Polack disgusting vulgar greasy! Them kind of words have been on your tongue and on your sisters tongue too much around here!(194). But Stella is ultimately complicit in Blanches destruction as she chooses Stanley over her sister, despite the fact that she is aware of the violence that Stanley is capable of. Stella chooses to believe Stanley, using illusion just as Blanche has done, because she couldnt believe her story and go on living with Stanley(217). Another aspect of sexuality that plays a significant role, is the sexuality of Blanches young, dead husband. It is clear that Blanche is haunted by the discovery of his homosexuality and the resulting guilt that she feels regarding his suicide. Beyond this however, it is clear that the discovery of her husbands sexuality caused irreparable to Blanches sense of identity. Stella describes Blanches attitude toward Allan: I think Blanche didnt just love him but worshipped the ground he walked on! Adored him and thought him almost too fine to be human! (190). It is clear that Blanche was left lost and isolated by Allans death, and she admits that she searched for comfort by sleeping with men: intimacies with strangers was all I seemed able to fill my empty heart withI think it was panic, just panic, that drove me from one to another, hunting for some protection(205). However, the purely sexual relationship does not offer the kindness, comfort and protection that Blanche is so anxious to find. Her pattern of behaviour becomes a vicious cycle; as Blanche becomes more and more desperate to exorcise memories of Allan, she adopts increasingly inappropriate ways of behaving thus adding to the memories that she is attempting to exorcise. Although Blanches intimacies with strangers do not provide emotional fulfillment, they do provide the male attention that she craves in order bolster her sense of identity as an attractive woman. It is ironic that Blanche views the old love letters and poems that Allan wrote for her as her most precious possessions: Everyone has something her wont let others touch because of their intimate nature (139). The poems and the emotional relationship that they represent are far more intimate than the physical relationships Blanche has had with other men. The fact that Blanche has a preference for young men, conforms to her use of illusion where she seeks to recreate, to re-experience, the idealised relationship which she has so desperately longed for. Her inappropriate relationship with a seventeen year old student, the relationships with young soldiers at Belle Reve, and even in New Orleans we gain a fleeting glance of this behaviour with the young man from the Evening Star (172), whom she kisses and reluctantly dismisses: Run along now! It would be nice to keep you, but Ive got to be good and keep my hands off children (174). Guilt haunts Blanche as does the rapid, feverish polka tune, the  Varsouviana (200), which only fades after the final gunshot has been heard. Just as Blanches expression of disgust destroyed Allan, it is Stanleys disgust at the charade that Blanche has been playing, that ultimately destroys her. The events of scene ten, where Stanley rapes Blanche, are accompanied by the sound of inhuman jungle noises which rise up (215) like cries in a jungle(213). This parallels the primal, animalistic image that has been built of Stanley, and the expectation that he will react violently to anyone that he feels is a threat. It has been said of Williams that his plays seek to capture the truth of human experience(Bigsby, 36). Indeed, A Streetcar Named Desire conforms to this view in as much as the characters are far more than stereotypes but rather complex characters that are influenced by, driven by and destroyed by aspects of human sexuality. BIBLIOGRAPHY Williams, Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire, in A Streetcar Named Desire and Other Plays, ed. E.Martin Browne, St. Ives, 1987. Bigsby, C W E. Modern American Drama 1945-1990, Cambridge, 1992. Selden, R. Contemporary Literary Theory, Prentice Hall, 1997.

History of the Indian-Pakistan Conflict

History of the Indian-Pakistan Conflict Conflict Analysis 2nd assignment: Choose one conflict from the UCDP data. Identify and map the different historical stages and periods of the conflict using the conflict cycle. How did battle deaths and other forms casualties (one-sided violence) change during the conflict cycle? What kind of pattern do you observe over time? For this essay I have chosen to write about the Indian-Pakistan Conflict over the Kashmir which is a strategically placed region in the north west of the subcontinent, bordering China and the former Soviet Union. The main issue is that both countries are claiming this territory, based on religious reasons according to Pakistan considering the majority of population being Muslim and governmental reasons according to India because a Hindu Maharajah is ruling the area. The British India has been split up into three countries, Pakistan, India and East Pakistan. They have been divided by the population who were mainly Muslim in the north west and north east side of the subcontinent the Hindu in the central side. This partition caused a large human migration and from this point many violence have taken place across the region. The years 1946-1946 are the pre-conflict phase of this major conflict because after the partition of the British India, Kashmir had to choose whether they want to accede to Pakistan, India or to become Independent. The escalation to the First Kashmir War is taking place along the 1947 because Pakistan did not want Kashmir to accede to India therefore Lashkar tribesmen invaded the area so the ruler was forced to ask help from the Indian armed forces because he was facing internal revolts because the â€Å"Muslim peasants refused to pay their taxes to the Hindu landlords† (Stanley Wolpert, India and Pakistan, p22) and an external invasion because Pakistan wanted to â€Å"liberate Kashmir from Hindu control† (Stanley Wolpert, India and Pakistan, p22). The crisis phase during the First Kashmir War reaches the top between 1948 and 1949 when the Indian government responded with massive fighting against the Pakistan army, but then based on the aggression that came from Pakistan, India asked for the United Nations intervention in order to mediate the war. The intervention of the United Nations builds up the outcome of the war because both countries were forced to withdraw the troops and the tribal invaders. The Kashmir area had been split up in two territories by the ceasefire line and basically the north-western side of the region will be administered by Pakistan and the central, north-eastern side of Kashmir will be administered by India. The ceasefire line has been drawn based on the lawyers’ conclusions within the United Nations Security Council, which were based on the population wishes which showed that most of those who are living in the north-western part seemed to favour Pakistan and in the central and north-eastern part Hindu and Buddhists are majoritarian. The final decision has been taken in 1964 but until that, all the period was an â€Å"exacerbating Cold War†. (Stanley Wolpert, India and Pakistan, p27). Starting with the second decade of 1964 and the beginning of the 1965 the tensions are increasing because the United Nations ceasefire line could not stop the invaders to cross the border into the Indian administered Kashmir. This invasion took place because the Pakistani army general has been angry when India announced that the implementation of a constitution in Kashmir made the state part of the Indian Union. The confrontations rich the top and transform into a crisis when the Indian troops crossed the international border line to Lahore even if this was not the truest Indian intension. They only did that because the Pakistani army general dared the Indian army general to attack the defenceless capital but he actually didn’t believe that actually India could do that. After all these happened, the Pakistani general begged the US presidency to set a ceasefire line with India. At the very beginning of the 1966 as an outcome the Tashkent Agreement has been signed in Uzbekistan between both parties because each of the war actors were holding a territory from the other actor. This agreement has been signed under the following idea â€Å"Instead of fighting each other, fight against the poverty, disease and ignorance†. (Stanley Wolpert, India and Pakistan, p34). The situation is still quite tense because this outcome is still in a crisis moment when any spark could start the war again. Many revolts are taking place in Pakistan between 1966 and 1969. The student’s dormitories have been assaulted by the riots and most of the population in Lahore wanted to change the government. In both West and East Pakistan the martial law has been implemented by Ayub in the early 1969. Based on the martial law in Dhaka, the capital of East Pakistan most of the prisons have been filled up with political prisoners because the country wanted to become independent. Because of fast spread of the issues in both countries at the very beginning of 1971 the third war begins in East Pakistan and that is actually the transformation of East Pakistan into Bangladesh. The reason of this war is that the West Pakistan government did not accept the elected premier in East Pakistan to start his premiership. Basically the violence increases, reaching a top crisis when the West Pakistani air forces launched an attack over the north-western Indian airfields. After the actions India involves directly into the war and organizes an air, land and sea attach against the eastern Pakistani because most of the West Pakistani army was there. In March 1971 the western Pakistan army become war prisoners in Dhaka and the Bangladesh become independent, â€Å"reincarnated from the East Pakistan†. (Stanley Wolpert, India and Pakistan, p41). Right after that, in 1972 an outcome is on the way. Both Prime Ministers of Pakistan and India, meet in the Indian town of Shimla to sign an agreements where both parties promise to end up fighting and to start the promotion of a harmonious relationship and to establish a durable peace in the area. This agreement also transforms the ceasefire line into the Line of Control between these two countries. Following in the 1974, India’s state government affirms that Kashmir is part of the Indian Union but the Pakistan’s government rejects an accord that both countries had to sign in respects of the sharing region. In May the same year, India organizes the underground detonation of a nuclear bomb on its territory in order to show the nuclear power that the country has. 1988 is a very interesting year because reaches the lowest rate of violence since the whole conflict started and both sides signed an agreement which says that none of them will attack the nuclear facilities of the other’s. However, in 1989 a sharp rise of deaths transforms Kashmir again into a crisis because a resistance against the Indian rule began in the valley. Actually this resistance is happening because the Muslim Parties in the region accused the Indian government of intervention on the 1987 state’s legislative elections. At the same time India accuses Pakistan of providing weapons and training to the protestors in the valley but the Pakistani government denies everything. In 1990 the situation has still a crisis character because of the protests in Kashmir but in 1991 even if the tensions are still high rated, both countries manage to sign another agreement where they decide to provide advance notification regarding any military movement in order to protect th e airspace violation and in 1992 they sign a non-nuclear aggression agreement which prohibits both countries to use chemical weapons against each other. Between 1996-1999 there is an escalation because of several clashes between the military officers at the Line of Control. In 1998 begins a nuclear race between India and Pakistan because of the detonation responses between them but happily they end up being sanctioned by the international rule. Sadly in 1999 the confrontations transform into a crisis again because the Pakistan forces are taking strategic positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control. As a counter offensive Indian forces fights and manage to move the Pakistan army back on their side. This conflict is called Cargill war because of the location where took place and is the first one that happened right after both countries showed their nuclear power creating a worldwide fear of the possibility that one of both countries could use the nuclear bomb. In 2000 and 2001 the tensions in Kashmir valley are still very high plus the administrative leader of the region of India to start a military operation against the Pakistani training camps, but in July 2001 both Prime Ministers meet in a Summit in order to discuss about the core issue in Kashmir but they couldn’t come to an agreement. In December the same year the situation is still in a massive crisis because the Indian Parliament has been attacked and they continued to fight along the Line of Control until happily the war has ended thank to the international intervention. In 2002 both sides try to define an outcome despise the risky tensions and in 2003 they decide to stop fighting, following a quiet period until 2004 when both Prime Ministers meet within another Summit and decide to withdraw the troops from the Line of Control because the situation has been improved in the area. At the moment the conflict is still blurry an in outcome stage because during 2010 and 2011 minor bomb attacks happened in New Delhi but obviously the number of deaths decreased drastically bellow 100. As a conclusion what I would say is that, this is a quite complicated and long conflict with a very dynamic pattern. Despite of the several signed agreements both parties just couldn’t stop fighting from what it is considered to be theirs and as you can clearly see the conflict is still debated even if there is no crisis situation.

God and Sin in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

God and Sin in Heart of Darkness A long debated issue that has plagued human beings since the fall of man is what leads people to commit evil actions and whether evil is inherent in all people. In the literary work of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Marlow grapples with those two similar issues. They way in which Charlie Marlow, the protagonist and skipper, goes about determining the answers are by observing his and other people's goals and motivations throughout his voyage of discovery and self-enlightenment in the Congo of Africa. In the novel Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad seems to be suggesting that the environment pushes people to their extremes, so they commit evil actions. I agree with this idea because in the Bible it says; "1 Corinthians 15:33, ...bad company corrupts good character." Anybody can look around and see that the world is evil. You may see people like politicians doing good for the community on the news, but you know that they are truly looking out for their own self-benefit, more money and publicity. Or even in the novel where it tells about Kurtz having the most successful ivory station in Africa, the way in which he achieved this is by raiding other tribes of their possessions. The Bible states that in "1 John 2:16, For the world offers only the lust for physical pleasure, the lust for everything we see, and pride in our possessions. These are not from the Father. They are from this evil world." There are several cases of people having mental breakdowns because of stress from the world's imperfectness. This mental collapse sometimes results in them attempting to, or actually murdering others, or even committing suicide. In "Jeremiah 17:9, The Heart is more deceitful that all else and is desperately sick; Who can understand it?" This verse gives proof that our hearts are sick from the evil in them, which corrupts good judgment and self-restraint. For another example the character Kurtz, the owner of the inner station, which is the most successful station, turned his back on his European roots. Kurtz became a god to the natives, and killed people who displeased him. Evidently, one has to admit, whether or not they believe in God, that the world is evil, corrupt, and man is prone to react abnormally to a difference of environment.

Henrik Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler and Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her

Henrik Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler and Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children Henrik Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler and Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children present two strongly defined female heroines whose actions not only adversely affect the other characters’ lives but also suggest a fundamental problem with their societies. Both playwrights establish the macroscopic view of society’s ills in the microscopic, individual characters of Hedda and Mother Courage. Both characters have an indomitable magnetism that, on the one hand, allows them to control others but, on the other, causes them to make desperate choices that reflect a repressive society. Ibsen creates in Hedda Gabler a dominating, fiercely controlling female heroine who controls everyone in her circle, from her weak husband Tesman, to Lovborg, Mrs. Elvsted and even, to a lesser degree, Judge Brack, who reverses roles with Hedda by the end of the play. Hedda, as a chameleon figure, alternately shifts her manipulative tactics to maintain control, and each character cannot stay away from her influence. Only when Hedda has lost control of Lovborg, does she resort to an act of supreme self-control: suicide. Judge Brack believes he has won in his battle of wills with Hedda and believes he remains â€Å"the only cock in the yard†¦Ã¢â‚¬  at the play’s end. Nevertheless, her suicide reinforces her superiority because she has claimed the ultimate position of control in the play. Judge Brack cannot assert his lustful intentions through coercive blackmail, and she will not relinquish the power to any character or realization, whether it is Tesman’s loving yet remonstrative pleas or Judge Brack’s slyly conniving wiles. She defines her own role by her self-inflicted death... ...she does choose this role, ultimately valuing profit over her children’s safety. She continues on this journey without her children even as the play ends. Both characters, Hedda and Mother Courage, express values dictated by society. Though Mother Courage’s actions destroy her family and Hedda’s suicide destroys herself and her unborn child, both characters choose these destructive paths. In effect, they become like the society itself, embodying its values and motivations, its limitation and corruption. Neither Hedda nor Mother Courage possess any real individual power or self-control to overcome a society that forces them to act destructively. Ibsen and Brecht represent society’s power to coerce characters like Hedda and Mother Courage into accepting values that refract social ones as destructive to them as to the society that informs their characters.

Essay on Benefits and Dangers of Virtual Reality :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Benefits and Dangers of Virtual Reality Although still in its, infancy, virtual reality will have a substantial effect on our future way of life. Virtual reality already has made astounding progress in the world of commercial design, and it is predicted to have a tremendous impact on everyday life as well. Virtual reality, when more available, will have various uses ranging from recreation to basic communication. The applications of virtual reality into different fields of occupations and research will have both positive and negative effects on our society. Virtual reality can be defined as a, "technology that enables users to enter computer generated worlds and interface with them three dimensionally through sight, sound, and touch" (Newquist 93). Virtual reality combines computer simulation and visualization into a single, coherent whole (Peterson 8). Researchers say it embodies an attempt to eliminate the traditional distinction between the user and the machine. Virtual reality is intended to provide a means of naturally and intelligently interacting with information (8). Virtual reality is contending to be the interface of the future, allowing ordinary users to use their senses to interact with complex data. Virtual reality is a new exploration in science and technology using advanced and complex mechanics. Virtual reality allows for users to go far beyond simply looking at a computer screen. Instead, the user puts on a special suit or gloves equipped with fiber-optic sensors. These fiber-optic sensors are able to interpret body positions. The user also wears special goggles that have video screens and audio attachments. This equipment allows for the user's complete immersion into a 3-D, computer generated, model of reality (Carr 37). The use of a two-way data transfer is what enables this interaction with an alternate reality to occur. Fiber-optic and electronic cables are attached to the virtual reality equipment in order to record the user's movements (Newquist 93). These cables then send this information, called motion data, to workstations which modifies the graphics in the model. The new information is then sent back to the users headset, displaying a graphic and audio world that i s time with his or her movements. It is because of this cabling process that the action/reaction information is continually updated (93). In order to effectively create a 3-D environment for the user, virtual reality combines the elements of immersion and interactivity. Immersion is the user's contact with the virtual reality with as many senses as possible including; sight, hearing, and touch.

Guest Speaker Essay

When thinking of an attorney the majority does not give it much thought as to the different types and functionalities this profession takes. That is, until someone is in need of one, or facing one of these professional arguers. One group that find themselves facing an attorney are criminals who have had charges placed against them through the District Attorney’s Office. The District Attorney’s Office is the main prosecuting party in any criminal case whether it comes down to a plea bargain which covers about 95% of all cases or goes to a full court trial. District Attorney’s, otherwise known as D.A.’s, base much of their decisions by the amount of investigation and evidence that investigators supply them with. Scott Schweibish, who spoke in class, is the Deputy District Attorney for Sacramento County. Mr. Schweibish was a wealth of knowledge on correlating good investigation practices to how well an attorney can prosecute. D.A. Schweibish began his presentation by describing his workload which consists of prosecuting general felonies. These felonies range from drugs, DUI, home invasion, attempted murders, etc. Before becoming a D.A. for Sacramento County he worked for Orange County as a District Attorney. The D.A. has spent his entire career working closely with different law enforcement agencies, as well as numerous police officers. He has worked with special investigation projects, federal agencies, special task forces involved with narcotics, white collar crime, and the U.S Attorney. Being an attorney where the main focus is to prosecute a criminal Mr. Schweibish stressed that it is crucial to receive an investigation report that is the most accurate down to the smallest detail. Any aspect of the investigation that is overlooked or mistakenly not written in the officers’ report can open a whole for the defenses side to prove the defendant is innocent or have the case dismissed all together. The defense attorney will scrutinize every detail of a report for accuracy and if they find anything  they can make a defense out of they will, as Scott said, â€Å"tear you up† when you testify. The defense will still question every detail on the report and ask why certain things were not done, but if the report is done correctly then the office will be able to defend his actions and investigation. He went on to state that when officers do a proper investigation and complete a thorough report then the defense will not have a leg to stand on and in most cases t he defendant will agree to a plea bargain and the case will be resolved without having to go to trial. Another point that was stressed was every case matters and that all investigations matter. Every time a crime is committed no matter how small or how in the bag it may seem the investigation is crucial. Mr. Schweibish stated that 95% of the time a good investigation matters. He described that as an investigator it is important to remain open minded, logical, and objective as a majority of the time what you think is the whole crime might be just one part of the crime. Deputy District Attorney Scott Schweibish who works for Sacramento County was a great asset to have speak for the class. He strongly enforced the importance of a thorough report and the consequences if you slack on details.

Compare the poems “Hard Frost” and “winter the Huntsman”

passtime the Huntsman and exhausting Frost are any(prenominal)(prenominal) numberss which clear the same throttletings, both are in the season of sp shutdown, unspoken Frost (HF) was set at the end of pass and Winter the Huntsman (WTH) was set at the line of descent of over spend. WTH is set in a woodwind world captured by winter and HF is set in a rural, and arise habitation. Also the regard in baffling frosting is altogether different to chain of mountains portrayed in W. T. H. The jut out from H. F is that there is humane habitation this is turn out by this summon at every(prenominal) footstep a tiny breakable pane is broken.With the creative thinker of humans beingnessness able to live along expression with frost gives me the effect a Christmas loosen feel to the metrical composition. In W. T. H the count on created by the poem is completely different. The stunt man is a poisonous and harsh. The theme is a hunter hunting pop all(prenominal) coloring material and life from summer. Differences in the poem are continued with the use of personification. In HF frost is depicted as a soldier of the army of winter, show up of this is numerous. One particular piece from the poem describes it best, Frost called to water Halt , this personifies frost as some unity who would command deal a sergeant in the army. much than aspects of frost being human similar is in the following quote interns poor look for. This mode that he has the forefinger to lock by tilt like muckle in prison cells. In WTH the poem personifies winter as a huntsman, evidence of this is this quote is it winter the huntsman galloping, I forecast that showing winter to be a huntsman is interesting idea. The effect of winter being a huntsman gives me human body of a Huntsman hunting fling off the last of the summer, more good mental resource from this idea is that it reflects winter as a season.What is the difference between a nonliteral and a lite ral analogy?It reflects it because winter like a huntsman it is capricious and kills animals and plants as well as being a strong season with a few deaths. I have in like manner picked out some evidence of the image of the huntsman being of a deplorable nature, this quote shows it well Crashing his cruel clear up. My reasons for picking out this evidence is that its light upon forge is cruel, normally a huntsman kills for keeping animal numbers elaborate or for food. Being cruel for no reason has raised attention for winter the huntsman enjoying the deaths he causes.The idea of winter the huntsman victorious deaths gives him more power than anything in the forest. Evidence of him having power is in this quote hiding each shoe tree from his brother, this shows that he has the power to curse trees when the huntsman likes. Both poems are litter in figures of tongue. One practice in hard frost is a motley of fiction and alliteration this quote is it and tench in water la wn bowling dawdle under gluey glass like fish in bowls.The simile in this piece of analogical oral communication is effective because it gives effect of fish detain in fish bowls the bowls are formed by a unfrozen ice in the heart of a pond, giving the comparison of tench acting like goldfish. The alliteration in this poem gluey glass reinforces the idea of the fish being trapped in bowls it does this by the gl sound make when you give tongue to the words. The effect is given because if you say gl it slows down your speaking speed.This is similar to the situation the fish are in, because the fish are stuck in the bowls and the alliteration slows down your speech rather like glue does to objects. A good example of good figurative linguistic communication in winter the huntsman is these two simple words cast- weightlift glades its dramatic effect is to harness the situation that winter is in the forest. It does this by equivalence a frozen patch hook to a open area made fr om weight-lift. The writer has chosen to do this because the glossiness of iron is muted and boring which reflects the smoking in the glade.The fact that the grass looks dull gives more effect to image that winter the huntsman is killing of colorise. Also iron tough and hard this probably indicates that the ground is frozen solid, another property of iron is that it is shiny, this contrasts with idea that the glade is frozen so that is shines a it. Another piece of imagery generated by HF is a allegory hangs a dagger from house eaves, this metaphor is comparing icicles to daggers. Using daggers another agency do describe icicles gives the effect of a shape material, also daggers are contemplative so that reinforces the idea of sharp bleak weapon.Use of language in both poems is quite similar except for some types which tend to be different in a few ways. An example of colour used in poems would be one in H. F, it mentions colours (green, black and white) and allows colour to be present in the poem. In winter the huntsman colour is being hunted down, this quote proves this idea and slovenly person leaves fall this suggests that the last of the leaves are done for(p) so there is no more colour. One more of creative language is how harsh the poem is.In Hard Frost people are allowed to live, an example of this is at every footstep breaks a brittle pane. The key word in the sentence to give the idea of human habitation is footsteps. With idea of human habitation this poem gives me the image of a Christmas card. In winter the huntsman this is completely opposite, because its more about winter taking over life and being cruel to whats left of life. Evidence of this is as dark creeps from the ground hides each tree from its brother this gives me the image that he is insulate the trees so that makes them more vulnerable to the winter.I got the impression he is killing trees and being harsh. This is in the sentence till umpteen a mighty branch is mangled as under this means that he is tear the limbs of the trees making them feel pain. In the end both poems are different in imagery merely the best image in my opinion is the one in hard frost because its the Christmas that everyone tends to see. However winter the huntsman is more realistic but it is a image of winter that people dont want to see, because of the holiday of Christmas.

Excel Benefits

pass by system MIS 241-001 NC A& ampereT State University A. Define the combative advantages of an excel system in general. An Excel system is in truth useful in the ancestry world allowing many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) tasks to be all overcome more effortlessly.One advantage is calculations diversify issues to be solved with few errors when dealing with arrangement of numbers and topic in thither call for category along with number placement there is also so many tools and formulas that make decision an answer so much easier, instead of inputting the numerical calculations for hours on a piece of paper or entering a formula over and over again an excel system allows this process to be done all at once trimming down on redundancy and error. B.Achieving competitive advantages victimization study systems. When a community is involved with applied science that company is thus allowed to grow and change when change is needed. Information systems are achieving this tas k thought issue the business world, helping to improve ability and in the raw down redundancy. This achievement over all allows many companies who are at the gaucherie edge and exploitation technology to its full potential to have individualized achievements of there own, a competitive advantage over there competitors.Technology for a company substructure be very helpful may it be cutting down monetary value, cutting down redundancy, improving efficiency and workflow or in time allow visibility for improves about their competitors. C. Achieving competitive advantages using Excel. Excel has been in use for years within many businesses even still today one main section of excel is it allows you to organize, manipulate, and change data that has been entered into excel. Over all for this reason excel crapper provided a competitive advantage if the data being preserve is use correctly in a way that can only improve business function.This data in turn can be produced into valua ble entropy and used for business intelligence to improve on areas that are not preforming to levels need and really beneficial getting down to the core of an issue by using valuable nurture. D. Providing three examples/areas of using IS/Excel to achieve competitive advantages and explaining how they are done. Excel allows the substance abuser to input data then take that recorded data and covert this recorded data into information that can be used to target, track, and understand the electric current status of a company, over all utilizing and creating business intelligence.However, on the other hand most companys have no reason not to involve information systems into there company schema Information systems in one way can allow a company to connect information from different departments, even using a innkeeper and multiple computers to cut down company cost and improve networking between different departments. Another plus of using information systems is that it can allow t ransitions and rapture to become more visible and even intelligible making this process only more wide-eyed and effective.